
THE BLACK SWAN EFFECT
In 2003, the top managers of Levi Strauss decided to replace the IT system. At that time, the company was a multinational structure with operations in 110 countries. The risks seemed to be small: The proposed budget was less than $5 million. But very quickly all hell broke loose. One major customer, Walmart, required that the system interface with its supply chain management system, created additional hurdles.